Soch lijiye ki English language ek bahut badi Cricket team hai. Jaise ek team mein alag-alag players (batsman, bowler, keeper) hote hain aur sabka apna kaam hota hai, waise hi English ke har sentence mein alag-alag tarah ke shabd (words) hote hain aur har shabd ka apna ek khaas kaam hota hai.

In shabdon ke kaam ke aadhar par hi humne unhe 8 groups mein baanta hai. Inhi groups ko hum Parts of Speech kehte hain. Ye English Grammar ke building blocks hain. Agar aapne inhe samajh liya, toh samjho aadha maidan jeet liya!

Yeh 8 Parts of Speech hain:

1. Noun (संज्ञा)

2. Pronoun (सर्वनाम)

3. Adjective (विशेषण)

4. Verb (क्रिया)

5. Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण)

6. Preposition (संबंध सूचक अव्यय)

7. Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)

8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक)

Chaliye, ab is parivaar ke har sadasya (member) se milte hain.

1. Noun (संज्ञा) – The Naming Word

Duniya mein har cheez ka ek naam hai. Bas usi naam ko Noun kehte hain. A Noun is the name of any person, place, animal, thing, or feeling.

• Person (व्यक्ति): Akbar, Priya, doctor, boy

• Place (स्थान): India, Mumbai, school, park

• Thing (वस्तु): pen, computer, table, water

• Feeling/Idea (भाव): honesty (ईमानदारी), love (प्यार), sadness (दुःख)

Types of Nouns (संज्ञा के प्रकार):

• Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा): Kisi व्यक्ति, स्थान ya vastu ka khaas naam. Yeh hamesha Capital Letter se shuru hota hai. Jaise: Prem, Delhi, Ganga, Sunday.

• Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा): Ek hi jaati ya group ke liye istemal hone wala aam naam. Jaise: boy, city, river, day.

• Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा): Logon ya cheezon ke jhund (group) ka naam. Jaise: team, army (सेना), family (परिवार), bunch (गुच्छा).

• Material Noun (पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा): Kisi padarth (substance) ka naam jisse doosri cheezein banti hain. Jaise: gold, water, wood (लकड़ी), milk.

• Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा): Aise cheezon ke naam jinhe hum chhoo ya dekh nahi sakte, sirf mehsoos kar sakte hain. Jaise: honesty, bravery (बहादुरी), childhood (बचपन).

2. Pronoun (सर्वनाम) – Noun’s Best Friend

Pronoun woh shabd hai jo Noun ki jagah par istemal hota hai. Hum baar-baar ek hi naam lene se bachne ke liye iska use karte hain. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun.

• Example: Ravi is a good boy. Ravi studies in Class 5.

• Better way: Ravi is a good boy. **He** studies in Class 5.

Yahan ‘He’ ek pronoun hai jo ‘Ravi’ ki jagah par aaya.

• Common Pronouns: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, him, her, us, them, my, your, who, what, myself.

3. Adjective (विशेषण) – The Describing Word

Adjective woh shabd hai jo kisi Noun ya Pronoun ke baare mein kuch extra batata hai, uski visheshta (quality) batata hai. Yeh batata hai ki Noun/Pronoun “kaisa hai” ya “kitna hai”. An Adjective describes a Noun or a Pronoun.

• a **brave** boy (लड़का कैसा है? -> बहादुर)

• a **red** car (कार कैसी है? -> लाल)

• **some** water (पानी कितना है? -> थोड़ा)

• She is **beautiful**. (वह कैसी है? -> सुन्दर)

Degrees of Comparison: Adjectives ke 3 degrees hote hain tulna (comparison) karne ke liye.

1. Positive: tall (लंबा) – Jab koi comparison na ho.

2. Comparative: taller (ज़्यादा लंबा) – Jab do logon mein comparison ho.

3. Superlative: tallest (सबसे लंबा) – Jab sabse comparison ho.

4. Verb (क्रिया) – The Action Word (Engine of Sentence)

Verb sentence ka sabse zaroori hissa hai. Yeh kisi kaam ke hone (action) ya kisi cheez ke hone (state of being) ke baare mein batata hai. Iske bina sentence ban hi nahi sakta. A Verb is a word that shows an action or a state of being.

• Action (काम): run (दौड़ना), eat (खाना), write (लिखना), play (खेलना).

• State of Being (होना): is, am, are, was, were. (Jaise: He is a doctor.)

5. Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण) – The Modifier

Adverb woh shabd hai jo Verb, Adjective, ya kisi doosre Adverb ke baare mein extra jaankari deta hai. Yeh batata hai ki kaam “kaise”, “kahan”, “kab”, ya “kitni baar” hua. An Adverb modifies a Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb.

• He runs fast. (Woh kaise daudta hai? -> tez) – Modifies Verb ‘runs’

• She is very beautiful. (Woh kitni sundar hai? -> bahut) – Modifies Adjective ‘beautiful’

• He runs very fast. (Woh kitna tez daudta hai? -> bahut) – Modifies Adverb ‘fast’

6. Preposition (संबंध सूचक अव्यय) – The Position Word

Preposition woh shabd hai jo kisi Noun ya Pronoun ka sambandh (relation) sentence ke doosre shabdon se batata hai. Yeh aksar position, time, ya direction batata hai. A Preposition shows the relationship of a Noun/Pronoun with another word.

• The book is on the table. (किताब और टेबल का संबंध)

• He is going to the school. (वह और स्कूल का संबंध)

• The cat is under the chair. (बिल्ली और कुर्सी का संबंध)

• Common Prepositions: in, on, at, from, to, with, under, over, of.

7. Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक) – The Joining Word

Conjunctions “Fevicol” ki tarah hote hain. Inka kaam shabdon (words), vakyanshon (phrases), ya vakyon (sentences) ko jodna hai. A Conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.

• Ram and Shyam. (do shabdon ko joda)

• He is poor but honest. (do sentences ko joda)

• Common Conjunctions: and, but, or, so, because, if, that.

8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक) – The Emotion Word

Yeh woh shabd hain jo dil se achanak nikli feelings (bhavnaon) ko express karte hain, jaise khushi, dukh, ya hairani. Inke baad aksar Exclamation Mark (!) lagta hai. An Interjection expresses a sudden, strong feeling.

• Wow! What a beautiful car! (Hairani)

• Alas! He lost the match. (Dukh)

• Hurrah! We have won! (Khushi)

**”Every brick you lay, however small, builds the castle of your dreams.” (आपकी रखी हर ईंट, चाहे कितनी भी छोटी क्यों न हो, आपके सपनों का महल बनाती है।) **