Ek chhota sa ‘Thank you’ kehne se lekar ek lambi kahani sunane tak, hum alag-alag tarah ke sentences ka istemal karte hain. Har sentence ka apna ek maqsad (purpose) aur apni ek banavat (structure) hoti hai.

Imagine kijiye aapke paas ek toolbox hai. Usmein hathodi (hammer), pechkas (screwdriver), aur paana (wrench) jaise alag-alag tools hain. Har tool ka apna ek kaam hai. Sentences bhi bilkul inhi tools ki tarah hain.

Hum sentences ko do mukhya aadharon par baant sakte hain:

1. Based on Function (काम के आधार पर): Sentence kya kaam kar raha hai? (Bata raha hai, pooch raha hai, ya order de raha hai?)

2. Based on Structure (बनावट के आधार पर): Sentence kaise bana hai? (Chhota hai, ya do-teen chhote sentences se milkar bana hai?)

Chaliye, in dono prakar ko aasaani se samajhte hain.

Part 1: Based on Function (काम के आधार पर)

Ismein hum dekhte hain ki sentence ka ‘mood’ ya ‘irada’ kya hai.

1. Declarative Sentence (घोषणात्मक वाक्य)

Yeh sabse aam (common) type ka sentence hai. Iska kaam sirf koi information dena, koi baat batana, ya koi fact (तथ्य) state karna hota hai. Yeh ek seedhi-saadhi ‘declaration’ ya ‘ghoshna’ hai. Iske ant mein hamesha full stop (.) lagta hai.

• Affirmative (सकारात्मक – ‘हाँ’ वाले वाक्य):

  • He is a good singer. (वह एक अच्छा गायक है।)

  • The sun rises in the east. (सूरज पूरब में उगता है।)

• Negative (नकारात्मक – ‘ना’ वाले वाक्य): Inmein not, no, never jaise shabd hote hain.

  • She is **not** my sister. (वह मेरी बहन नहीं है।)

  • I do **not** like tea. (मुझे चाय पसंद नहीं है।)

2. Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)

Iska kaam hai sawaal poochhna (to interrogate). Agar aap kisi se kuch pooch rahe hain, toh aap is sentence ka istemal kar rahe hain. Iske ant mein hamesha question mark (?) lagta hai.

• What is your name? (तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?)

• Are you coming to the party? (क्या तुम पार्टी में आ रहे हो?)

• Where do you live? (तुम कहाँ रहते हो?)

3. Imperative Sentence (आज्ञासूचक वाक्य)

Is sentence ka istemal command (आज्ञा), request (अनुरोध), ya advice (सलाह) dene ke liye hota hai. Ismein subject ‘You’ aksar chhipa rehta hai. Iske ant mein full stop (.) ya kabhi-kabhi exclamation mark (!) lagta hai.

• Command: Sit down. (इसमें ‘You’ छिपा है – (You) Sit down.)

• Request: Please give me a glass of water. (कृपया मुझे एक गिलास पानी दें।)

• Advice: Work hard to succeed. (सफल होने के लिए मेहनत करो।)

• Strong Command: Get out right now!

4. Exclamatory Sentence (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य)

Iska istemal strong aur achanak aane wali feelings (भावनाओं) ko vyakt (express) karne ke liye hota hai, jaise khushi, dukh, hairani, ya dar. Iske ant mein hamesha exclamation mark (!) lagta hai.

• What a beautiful painting! (कितनी सुंदर पेंटिंग है!)

• Hurrah! We won the match! (हुर्रे! हम मैच जीत गए!)

• How sad! (कितने दुःख की बात है!)

Part 2: Based on Structure (बनावट के आधार पर)

Ismein hum dekhte hain ki sentence mein kitne ‘clauses’ (उपवाक्य) hain. (Clause ka matlab hai ek aisa group of words jismein apna subject aur verb ho).

1. Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)

Yeh sabse basic sentence hai. Ismein sirf ek independent clause hota hai (yaani ek subject aur ek verb ka combination jo poora matlab deta hai).

• The dog barked. (Subject: The dog, Verb: barked)

• She is writing a letter. (Subject: She, Verb: is writing)

• Analogy: Yeh ek chhota, single-room ghar hai.

2. Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य)

Ismein do ya do se zyada independent clauses hote hain, jo ek coordinating conjunction (jaise and, but, so, or) se jude hote hain. Har clause apne aap mein ek poora sentence ho sakta hai.

• I called him, **but** he did not answer.

  • (Clause 1: I called him. – Poora matlab hai)

  • (Clause 2: He did not answer. – Poora matlab hai)

• He is rich, **so** he can buy a car.

• Analogy: Yeh do alag-alag ghar hain jinko ek pul (bridge) se joda gaya hai.

3. Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य)

Ismein ek independent clause aur kam se kam ek dependent clause hota hai. Dependent clause apne aap mein poora matlab nahi deta, use poora hone ke liye independent clause par nirbhar rehna padta hai.

• I will wait here **until you come back**.

  • (Independent Clause: I will wait here. – Poora matlab hai)

  • (Dependent Clause: until you come back – अधूरा मतलब है)

• He could not come **because he was ill**.

• Analogy: Yeh ek bada ghar (independent clause) hai jiske saath ek chhota garage (dependent clause) juda hua hai.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

Yeh Compound aur Complex ka mixture hai. Ismein do ya do se zyada independent clauses aur kam se kam ek dependent clause hota hai.

• I like Mathematics, **but** my brother likes Biology **because he wants to be a doctor**.

  • (IC 1: I like Mathematics)

  • (IC 2: my brother likes Biology)

  • (DC: because he wants to be a doctor)

• Analogy: Yeh do bade ghar hain jo ek pul se jude hain, aur unmein se ek ghar mein garage bhi hai.

**”The art of communication is the language of leadership. Speak not just to be heard, but to be understood.” (संवाद की कला ही नेतृत्व की भाषा है। केवल सुने जाने के लिए नहीं, बल्कि समझे जाने के लिए बोलें।) **