Narration: Direct and Indirect Speech

Chapter 11: Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech)

Kisi ki kahi hui baat ko batane ke do tareeke hote hain. Imagine kijiye ki aapke dost, Aman, ne aapse kuch kaha. Ab aapko yahi baat apni mummy ko batani hai.

Tareeka #1: Live Telecast (Direct Speech) Aap Aman ke shabdon ko bilkul hubahoo (exactly word-for-word) bol dete hain, jaise koi recording chala di ho. Iske liye aap Quotation Marks (“…”) ka istemal karte hain.

Aman said, “I am going to the market.” (अमन ने कहा, “मैं बाजार जा रहा हूँ।”)

Tareeka #2: News Report (Indirect Speech) Aap Aman ki baat ka matlab apni bhasha mein batate hain, jaise ek news reporter khabar padhta hai. Ismein quotation marks nahi hote.

Aman said that he was going to the market. (अमन ने कहा कि वह बाजार जा रहा था।)

Isi “Live Telecast” ko Direct Speech aur “News Report” ko Indirect Speech (ya Reported Speech) kehte hain.

Direct Speech ke do hisse hote hain: She said, "I am happy." (Reporting Verb) (Reported Speech)

The Golden Rules: Direct से Indirect बदलने के नियम

Direct speech ko indirect mein badalna bahut aasan hai. Bas kuch rules ko follow karna hai, jaise ek recipe mein karte hain.

Rule #1: Remove Quotation Marks (” “)

Sabse pehle, quotation marks ko hata dein aur aksar Reporting Verb aur Reported Speech ko jodne ke liye ‘that’ ka istemal karein.

He said, “I work hard.”
He said that I work hard. (Abhi baaki rules lagne hain)

Rule #2: Change the Pronouns (सर्वनाम बदलें)

Reported speech ke pronouns (I, you, he, my, your, etc.) Reporting Verb ke Subject aur Object ke hisaab se badal jaate hain. Yeh common sense hai.

Ram said, “I am busy.” (Ram ne kaha, “मैं व्यस्त हूँ।”)
Ram said that he was busy. (Ram ne kaha ki वह व्यस्त था।) -> ‘I’ ban gaya ‘he’
She said to me, “You are a good boy.”
She told me that I was a good boy. -> ‘You’ ban gaya ‘I’

Rule #3: Backshift the Tense (Tense को Past में ले जाएं)

Yeh sabse zaroori rule hai. Agar Reporting Verb Past Tense mein ho (jaise said), toh Reported Speech ka Tense ek kadam peeche (past mein) chala jaata hai.

Agar reporting verb says (Present) ya will say (Future) hai, toh tense NAHIN badalta.

Tense Change Table:

Direct Speech Tense	Indirect Speech Tense
Simple Present (go/goes)	Simple Past (went)
Present Continuous (is going)	Past Continuous (was going)
Present Perfect (has gone)	Past Perfect (had gone)
Simple Past (went)	Past Perfect (had gone)
Can	Could
May	Might
Will / Shall	Would

He said, “I am happy.” (Present)
He said that he was happy. (Past)
She said, “I went to the school.” (Simple Past)
She said that she had gone to the school. (Past Perfect)

Rule #4: Change Time and Place Words (समय और स्थान वाले शब्द बदलें)

Jo shabd nazdeeki (nearness) dikhate hain, woh doori (distance) dikhane wale shabdon mein badal jaate hain.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Now	Then
Today	That day
Yesterday	The previous day
Tomorrow	The next day
This	That
These	Those
Here	There

He said, “I will do it tomorrow.”
He said that he would do it the next day.

Special Cases: Questions & Commands

1. Questions (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य):

said to ko asked mein badlein.
that ka istemal na karein.
Question ko statement bana dein (verb, subject ke baad aata hai).
Direct: He said to me, “Are you ill?”
Indirect: He asked me if I was ill.

2. Commands/Requests (आज्ञासूचक वाक्य):

said to ko ordered, requested, advised mein badlein.
Reported speech ke verb ko to + V1 mein badlein.
Direct: The doctor said to me, “Take medicines on time.”
Indirect: The doctor advised me to take medicines on time.

“The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place.” (संचार में सबसे बड़ी समस्या यह भ्रम है कि यह हो चुका है।) – George Bernard Shaw